Explore the Gap Map

How to use this map

This Democratic Capabilities Gap Map is intended to track the work required to improve representative deliberative democratic processes (see the about page for details). It is backed by a database with relationships between: Dimensions, Capabilities, Resources, Goals, Research Questions, and Product Gaps .

This map is categorized by the high-level dimensions that describe key outcomes of deliberative processes, for example, that participants become informed. Within each dimension is a subset of capabilities that contribute to delivering these outcomes, for example, that one can curate the context needed to sufficiently inform participants. Not all of these capabilities will be relevant to every deliberative process, but this is intended to be a relatively comprehensive set of the capabilities likely to be necessary.

Additional details

How do we decide what to include in the map?
The AI & Democracy Foundation team manually curated the content, and it goes through a round of review before publication, including with subject matter experts where needed.

Many contributors across a variety of fields and backgrounds provided suggestions and expertise.

All of the core content was manually written and curated by subject matter experts; AI has been used for quality control, copy editing, and web development.

How did we make these assessments?
Several key contributors drew on their deep experience with deliberative democratic processes across governments, AI organizations, public utilities, and peacebuilding. We estimated the threshold representing “good enough” across key dimensions and capabilities such that stakeholders would sufficiently buy-in and that processes would be capable of successfully operating in high-stakes scenarios.

They are subjective assessments — we don’t have consensus on them even within the AI & Democracy Foundation. They are intended as starting points for debate, not definitive judgments. We think making an opinionated call on these ratings is useful for all stakeholders and in the spirit of Cunningham’s Law, we welcome feedback.

How did we choose this rating system? (And what is imperfect about it?)
We want the ratings to support two uses:

  1. Roadmapping: Understanding where we are now and what needs to happen to get where we want.
  2. Prioritizing: Making decisions about what needs to be done first.

To do this we’ve adopted common assessment criteria from other similar endeavours:

  • Maturity: How good is current practice compared to what we think is required?
  • Importance: How much would the overall quality of deliberative processes suffer if this capability did not mature?
  • Neglectedness: To what extent is this capability lacking resources and attention?
  • Opportunity: To what extent can additional resourcing (people, attention, $, etc.) improve maturity?
  • Transnational: How well can this currently work for a global/transnational process?
Trust

Accountability

There are external watchdogs and accountability structures monitoring the execution of the democratic process and the implementation of its outputs. To what extent are: There well understood lines of oversight and accountability? Sufficiently influential/powerful organizations focused on holding authorities to their promised levels of democratic involvement? Authorities and democratic systems responsive to such accountability mechanisms?
Meta

Adaptability

The extent to which democratic processes can be designed and modified to fit specific requirements. To what extent can: Processes be designed to meet desired outcomes or system needs, given constraints? Process designers easily construct coherent processes for novel applications or emerging challenges?
Trust

Awareness

The relevant public is aware of the democratic process. To what extent is the relevant public aware: That the democratic system exists? How it works? What it is being used for? How they can be involved?
Delegation

Bindingness

The authority technically and legally binds itself to democratic decisions. The authority technically and legally binds itself to democratic decisions. To what extent can the unilateral authority bind itself to acting in accordance with the democratic decision: Technically? Legally? (E.g., has developed the needed technical and/or legal infrastructure for binding; binding may be done through a mix of locks, forces, incentives, or overarching powers, e.g. legal system; physical limitations, etc.)
Delegation

Commitment

The unilateral authority commits to acting in accordance with the democratic decision. To what extent has the unilateral authority committed (regardless of their ability to bind) to acting in accordance with the democratic decision: Internally? Privately (to external actors in a confidential manner)? Publicly?
Process

Deliberation

The extent to which decisions are considered and well-reasoned (rather than superficial and reactive). To what extent are those involved: Able to (and supported to) move from shallower to deeper goals and values? Able to (and supported to) collaborate where necessary? Able to address issues within the available time?
Process

Informedness

The extent to which those making decisions understand the information critical to making that decision. To what extent: Do participants gain critical context about tradeoffs and consequences of different decisions? Is this sourced from: Experts? The existing authorities, who may have extensive context? A broad diversity of constituents? The most impacted stakeholders? The powerful stakeholders, whose incentives are critical to having the decision “stick”?
Delegation

Integration

The extent to which the commissioning authority integrates the democratic process into key elements of its decision-making and operations. To what extent is the authority structuring its internal communications and operations to: Provide critical context to the democratic process/system? Integrate democratic process outputs in its actions? Trigger democratic processes when/if required?
Meta

Learning Speed

The extent to which knowledge about deliberative processes can be generated, shared, and applied to improve the field. To what extent can: Research opportunities be coordinated and data systematically collected? Trials be conducted rapidly enough to enable iterative learning? Are experimental designs rigorous enough to generate actionable insights?
Process

Legibility

The extent to which the processes and decisions are accessible, understandable, and verifiable. To what extent is information (a) accessible, (b) understandable, (c) verifiable about the: Processes/ systems used to make decisions? The execution of these processes? Decisions being made? Reasons and inputs feeding into decisions?
Meta

Measurability

The extent to which deliberative processes and their outcomes can be quantified, assessed and compared. The extent to which deliberative processes and their outcomes can be quantified, assessed and compared. To what extent can: Desired outcomes be measured? Required data be collected reliably and affordably? Different methods, processes, and systems be compared?
Meta

Process Speed

The extent to which deliberative processes can be conducted efficiently. To what extent can process duration be minimized without compromising quality or reliability?
Process

Representativeness

The extent to which key decisions are representative of the views of the constituent population. To what extent: Is there sufficient representation at critical parts of the process, including (a) proposing decisions, and (b) making ultimate decisions? Are there barriers leading to bias in representation?
Process

Robustness

The extent to which the process is robust to suboptimal conditions or adversarial or coordinated manipulative behavior. To what extent is the process or system vulnerable to: Suboptimal conditions or broken assumptions (e.g., low turnout, larger power asymmetries)? Strategic behavior and manipulation? False claims (e.g., of manipulation)?
Meta

Scalability

The extent to which deliberative processes can expand in scope, geography, and participant numbers while maintaining quality and effectiveness. The extent to which deliberative processes can expand in scope, geography, and participant numbers while maintaining quality and effectiveness. To what extent can: Processes operate effectively at transnational levels? Large numbers of participants be accommodated without compromising deliberation quality? Multiple, decentralized processes be coordinated and synthesized productively?
Process

Substantiveness

The extent to which decisions are substantive (e.g., actionable, consequential) rather than nonsubstantive (e.g., vague, simplistic, inconsequential). To what extent: Is the decision directly actionable and implementable? Does the decision meaningfully address the issues? Does the decision grapple with the necessary levels of complexity? Is uncertainty appropriately managed and accounted for? Are risks to implementability accounted for?

Activate learning

Urgent Informedness
Ability for diverse participants to efficiently and effectively learn relevant information, such that they can actively apply their learnings in the process.

Aggregate perspectives

Representativeness
Ability to aggregate votes and distill more complex forms of open-ended input into outputs and decisions, in fair and understandable ways, such that participants feel their contributions are meaningfully taken into account (and can ideally see how).

Bind legally

Urgent Bindingness
Ability to make outputs enforceable through known and viable legal structures and mechanisms (e.g. regulation that requires authority to implement or seriously consider the outputs).

Bind technically

Urgent Bindingness
Ability to ensure the relevant technical systems act in directed ways (e.g., via model alignment, control, cryptographic enforcement of outputs, physical limitations, etc.). Caveat: Irrevocable direct binding to outputs should generally be implemented with checks and balances.

Build process workflows

Urgent Adaptability
Ability to construct process workflows that achieve intended outcomes in given contexts.

Collectivize data

Learning Speed
Ability to make data open and easily available to researchers.

Commit effectively

Urgent Commitment
Ability to commit to deliberative outputs and therefore, set up exit costs in case of commitment drift (e.g. reputational damage or stakeholder backlash).

Conduct oversight

Accountability
Ability to independently oversee processes and ensure their integrity.

Curate context

Informedness
Ability to provide complete context to participants, including things like background information, subject matter fundamentals, relevant considerations, tradeoffs, and possible options.

Enable reason-giving

Deliberation
Ability to facilitate mutual understanding and reason-giving, including by supporting the development of critical thinking skills and preferences in individuals.

Enforce accountability

Accountability
Ability to create consequences for accountability failures.

Enforce decisions

Bindingness
Ability to make outputs enforceable through known and viable mechanisms (e.g. formats, structures, or procedures that can actually plug into how organizations already make and implement decisions).

Ensure transparency

Legibility
Ability for the process to be open to the public (where possible given privacy considerations).

Enumerate scenarios

Urgent Informedness
Ability to generate lists of likely scenarios, including edge cases, in which decisions will be applied, to help participants better understand the issue space.

Evaluate claims

Informedness
Ability for participants to evaluate claims made during the process by any actor or source.

Evaluate processes

Urgent Measurability
Ability to measure desired outcomes to compare methods, processes and systems.

Facilitate deliberation

Urgent Deliberation
Ability to develop appropriate process workflows and support mixed groups to reach successful outcomes.

Forecast impacts

Urgent Informedness
Ability to effectively and easily model complex systems, to help participants understand the potential impacts of different decisions.

Gather process data

Urgent Measurability
Ability to gather process data in a cheap, reliable, accessible manner.

Handle challenges

Robustness
Ability to withstand changing contexts and less-than-ideal conditions.

Include voiceless perspectives

Representativeness
Ability to fairly include the perspectives of those that are not represented in the process, including people who are not present (future generations, young people or other representation constraints), and non-human entities (natural phenomena or animals).

Inform wider-public

Awareness
Ability to communicate the “deliberative journey” of a smaller group process to the broader population (especially critical when providing ways for a mass public to participate back with their feedback, perspectives, or direct power via referendums).

Integrate culturally

Integration
Ability to integrate deliberation in the organizational culture of an authority.

Integrate operationally

Integration
Ability for processes and outputs to integrate operationally into decision-making processes and cycles.

Integrate transnationally

Integration
Ability to integrate with transnational and interorganizational systems.

Integrate wider-public

Informedness
Ability to provide those not in the room deliberating with opportunities to constructively and fairly contribute input into the process.

Localize participation

Deliberation
Ability to run processes in multiple languages and cultural contexts in real time and account for linguistic differences in the precise intent of outputs.

Make verifiable

Legibility
Ability for integrity of the process to be verified and audited.

Manage data

Process Speed
Ability to manage, route and surface data produced by the process throughout the process.

Manage subsidiarity

Scalability
Ability to host decentralized processes simultaneously or sequentially and productively distill them into one central process.

Maximize neutrality

Urgent Robustness
Ability to increase, demonstrate, or measure the neutrality of key aspects of a process.

Navigate ambiguity

Bindingness
Ability to ensure that, given potential ambiguity of decisions, the authority takes actions as close to the intended ones as possible.

Navigate conflict

Robustness
Ability to address, resolve and navigate conflicts that emerge within the process.

Navigate contexts

Deliberation
Ability to facilitate tolerance, discussions and collaboration across differences (historical and ongoing).

Optimize run-time

Process Speed
Ability to run time-minimal processes subject to performance and reliability thresholds.

Produce adaptable outputs

Substantiveness
Ability for final outputs to be adaptable to changing contexts while retaining clear intended outcomes and specificity.

Produce implementable outputs

Substantiveness
Ability to produce outputs in immediately actionable forms (e.g. policies, budgets, AI constitutions, town plans etc.)

Reach participants

Urgent Representativeness
Ability to reach potential participants (e.g., to mitigate biases around self-selection, who is reachable, etc.).

Represent complexity

Substantiveness
Ability for final outputs to be nuanced, concrete, decisive, and comprehensive.

Resist manipulation

Urgent Robustness
Ability to resist manipulation that would decrease trustworthiness, legitimacy or unfairly influence the outcome.

Routing and synthesizing

Informedness
Ability to route and synthesize data, revealing critical information, e.g. identifying common ground, high-potential ideas, thoughtful perspectives, insightful experiences, cruxes, forecasts, while helping to minimize the time required to do tasks.

Scale out

Scalability
Ability to accommodate large numbers of people into a process whilst retaining high deliberative quality.

Select participants

Representativeness
Ability to fairly select participants according to some definition of representation.

Simulate participation

Representativeness
Ability to simulate the interactions and decisions of actors (e.g., participants, stakeholders, facilitators, experts), subprocesses, or entire processes (e.g., for rapid process iteration).

Simulate prototyping

Urgent Learning Speed
Ability to run trials that are good enough to learn from, and fast enough to enable rapid testing of new methods and process comparisons.

Support collaboration

Deliberation
Ability of participants to collaboratively work together to develop policies and other complex artefacts.

Support participation

Representativeness
Ability to provide accessible, welcoming and compelling processes enabling diverse participation.

Tailor designs

Adaptability
Ability to design processes that are optimized for desired outcomes, given constraints.

Track implementation

Accountability
Ability to monitor the implementation of the process and upholding of commitments to act on outputs.

Trigger processes

Integration
Ability to automate process deployment.

Work transnationally

Scalability
Ability to run deliberative processes at the transnational level by navigating challenges such as legitimacy, logistics, and cultures.
Research

A proposal for importing society’s values

Proposes using imitation learning on large language models trained on recorded deliberative democracy sessions to answer value-laden questions at scale. The approach involves recording human ‘mini-publics’ deliberating complex value questions with AI assistance, then training models to simulate t...
Research

Adversarial testing for Generative AI

Google’s guide defining adversarial testing as systematically evaluating ML models against malicious or inadvertently harmful input, covering explicit queries (containing policy-violating language) and implicit queries (seeming harmless but involving sensitive topics). The four-stage workflow inv...
Research

Agent-Mediated Social Choice

Proposes autonomous AI agents (“voting avatars”) that debate and vote on behalf of citizens, addressing the cognitive burden of direct democracy in complex societies through compact preference representation. Umberto Grandi argues these systems would leverage AI research in multiagent systems and...
Research

AI Agents and Education: Simulated Practice at Scale

AI agents for learning
Research

AI-Enhanced Deliberative Democracy and the Future of the Collective Will

Examines design choices behind computational frameworks for finding common ground across collective preferences, situating AI-assisted preference elicitation within the historical context of opinion polls. Emphasizes that preferences are shaped by context and seldom objectively captured, explorin...
Research

Alternates, Assemble! Selecting Optimal Alternates for Citizens' Assemblies

Develops an optimization framework for selecting alternate participants for citizens’ assemblies to minimize expected demographic imbalance when dropouts occur. The method uses historical data to estimate dropout likelihood and provides theoretical guarantees regarding sample requirements and est...
Experimental Practice

Animals in the Room

A project exploring how to include non-human perspectives (animals and nature) in democratic governance and deliberation. Part of the growing “more-than-human governance” movement examining how governance can draw on more-than-human intelligences and consider our relationship with the living worl...
Research

ARIA Safeguarded AI

A UK government funded project that aims to provide quantitative safety guarantees for AI systems.
Research

Artificial Intelligence in Deliberation: The AI Penalty and the Emergence of a New Deliberative Divide

Survey experiment with 1,850 German participants identifying a significant “AI penalty” where participants showed reduced enthusiasm for AI-facilitated deliberation and rated AI-enabled discussions lower than human-led alternatives. Individual attitudes toward AI shaped responses, with those perc...
Research

Artificial Utopia: Simulation and artificially intelligent agents for exploring Utopian and democratized futures

This paper propose a novel research agenda focusing on ‘utopian’ democratization efforts with formal and computational methods as well as with artificial intelligence – this agenda is labelled ‘Artificial Utopia’. Artificial Utopias provide safe testing grounds for new political ideas and economi...
Research

Automatically Neutralizing Subjective Bias in Text

Natural language processing tools to detect biases
Experimental Practice

Beamm.Brussels

Policy impact simulation tool for the Brussels Capital Region
Research

Better than my professor? How to develop artificial intelligence tools for higher education

Research examining how AI chatbots can improve distance learning in universities by providing immediate feedback, aligning responses with course progression, and preventing conceptual misunderstandings. The authors argue truly groundbreaking AI should do more than respond more quickly than humans...
Research

Birdwatch: Crowd Wisdom and Bridging Algorithms can Inform Understanding and Reduce the Spread of Misinformation

Research examining how crowdsourced annotations combined with algorithmic selection can combat misinformation, developing a matrix-factorization algorithm identifying annotations that appeal broadly across heterogeneous user groups through bridging-based ranking. Results showed algorithmically-se...
Practice

Bogota participatory governance

The Itinerant Citizen Assembly of Bogota is organized by DemoLab, the Bogotá Open Council Laboratory, with the objective of promoting citizen participation in the management of the city. Through a random process, citizens were selected and invited to participate as social representatives in a del...
Research

Bridging Systems: Open Problems for Countering Destructive Divisiveness across Ranking, Recommenders, and Governance

Bridging Systems (Ovadya, Thorburn, 2023) are designed to increase mutual understanding and trust across divides, creating space for productive conflict, deliberation, or cooperation. The paper examines these systems across recommender systems, collective response systems, and human-facilitated d...
Product

Budget Citoyen

Budget simulator developed by civil society during debates around French budget allocation. Citizens could review public spending vs. sources of income and simulate budget allocation scenarios based on objective of bringing back public deficit to 5%.
Research

Building an AI Reflection Agent for Policy Deliberation

LLMs for self-reflection on policy issues
Practice

CESE Communications Channels

CESE Communications Channels
Experimental Practice

CIP's Global Dialogues

Global AI Dialogues, built in partnership with Remesh and Prolific, creates the infrastructure for regular global public input into the future of AI. The approach utilizes a structured collective dialogue process combining demographic data collection via Prolific, and deliberative discussion and ...
Research

Citizens’ assemblies in fragile and conflict-affected settings

Deliberative democracy in divided societies (e.g., Dryzek, 2005; O’Flynn and Caluwaerts, 2018; Curato 2025)
Research

ClarifyGPT

A concrete framework for detecting ambiguity and asking targeted clarifying questions (shown in code-gen), offering a transferable pattern for ‘ask-before-act.’
Research

“Co-construction” in deliberative democracy: lessons from the French Citizens’ Convention for Climate

French Citizens Convention on Climate, in which the general public were quite sceptical of the process, albeit this was because some thought that the government would just cherry pick what they wanted
Product

Cofacts

Taiwan’s Cofacts, a fact-checking platform built through civic collaboration.
Product

Colectiv

A behavioral science platform gathering frontline insights through AI-assisted research methods via multiple channels including WhatsApp audio-notes and AI interviews across 15+ languages. The platform transforms narratives into structured, credible data through researcher-led, tech-supported ana...
Experimental Practice

Colectiv AI interviews

Research conducted by Colectiv with the Frontier Tech Hub combining human interviews with AI-enabled stakeholder interviews to establish guidelines ensuring technology innovation pilots maintain responsibility and inclusivity standards. The project identified that responsibility and inclusion pra...
Experimental Practice

Collective Constitutional AI: Aligning a Language Model with Public Input

Anthropic’s partnership with the Collective Intelligence Project where approximately 1,000 Americans collectively drafted principles to guide AI behavior through online deliberation using the Polis platform. Participants submitted 1,127 statements and cast 38,252 votes, with the team converting p...
Experimental Practice

Community Host model

A four-step method for recruiting globally representative participants: random location lottery using population data, recruiting local community hosts, having hosts recruit diverse local candidates, then using sortition with stratification to select final participants. The 2021 Global Assembly u...
Product

Community Notes

X’s (formerly Twitter’s) Community Notes is a crowdsourced fact-checking feature where users can add context to potentially misleading posts, with notes appearing when rated helpful by contributors from diverse perspectives.
Experimental Practice

‘Contextualization Engines’ can fight misinformation without censorship

Contextualization Engines.
Research

Convivial Toolbox

A practical guide to generative design research by Elizabeth Sanders and Pieter Jan Stappers, teaching how to bring people directly into the design process to ensure their needs and aspirations are met. Structured in three parts covering foundational principles, real-world case studies, and actio...
Product

Cortico Conversation Library

A nonprofit platform amplifying underheard voices through community conversations, following a three-step process: organizing small-group conversations with recorded stories, using human-led analysis supported by AI tools for sensemaking, and creating media outputs incorporating actual voices. Th...
Product

Cortico's table recording device

Cortico created the Hearth 2.0 device to record discussions and enable facilitators of its Local Voices Networks to share stories from other conversations in order to cross-pollinate voices and perspectives across communities.
Product

Decidim

A free and open-source platform helping citizens, organizations, and public institutions self-organize democratically at every scale through strategic planning, assembly coordination, citizen initiatives, participatory budgeting, and networked dialogue. The platform ensures transparency, traceabi...
Product

DeliberAIde

An AI-powered platform facilitating inclusive democratic dialogue through three stages: ‘Discuss’ (capturing conversations in-person, online, or hybrid with real-time transcription in 100+ languages); ‘Analyze’ (extracting key ideas, clustering themes, providing interactive visualization), and ‘R...
Research

Deliberation in Deeply Divided Societies

Research on deliberation in divided societies
Product

deliberation.io

A citizen engagement platform facilitating large-scale democratic discussions through AI-powered facilitation identifying common ground, inclusive participation mechanisms, and transparent verifiable methodologies. Used by Washington DC for AI Public Listening Sessions in collaboration with MIT G...
Experimental Practice

Deliberativa deliberative labs

Deliberativa headed ‘deliberative labs’ ahead of both global citizens’ assemblies to test out methodological questions of time e.g. best method for multi-lingual deliberation or data capture.
Research

Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia

In this article, Dryzek explores the role that deliberative democracy can play in navigating identity-based conflict in divided societies. He specifically looks into the combination of power-sharing governance and transnational, state-independent deliberative spaces.
Product

Dembrane

A web-based platform that turns unstructured dialogue into actionable plans and policies in real time, enabling organizations to capture input from 2 to 5,000+ participants simultaneously through audio and text recording. Conversations are automatically transcribed and analyzed using AI, providin...
Research

Democracy on Mars 3: New Tools for Popular Sovereignty

Several have explored versions of this idea, under the keywords ‘AI-as-representative’ (Collins, 2023), ‘voting avatars’ (Grandi, 2018), and ‘virtual democracy’ (Kahng et al., 2019), ‘plurals’ (Ashkinaze et al., 2024) and ‘simulated deliberative democracy’ (Leike, 2023).
Experimental Practice

DemocracyNext and MIT CCC deliberation monitoring

A two-year initiative by DemocracyNext and MIT’s Center for Constructive Communication leveraging technology across three assembly phases: preparation (capturing diverse community voices and AI synthesis), during deliberation (supporting group bonding, enhancing learning, AI-powered sensemaking a...
Practice

DemocracyNext Assembly Guide

Citizens’ Assembly Guide which emphasizes contextual design and optimization of overall goals like trust, implementability and integrity.
Research

Eight ways to institutionalize deliberative democracy

This guide for public officials and policy makers outlines eight models for institutionalising representative public deliberation to improve collective decision making and strengthen democracy.
Research

Elicitation Inference Optimization for Multi-Principal-Agent Alignment

Research on elicitation inference methods for aggregating and understanding collective preferences from participant inputs.
Research

Empowering Scenario Planning with Artificial Intelligence: A Perspective on Building Smart and Resilient Cities

City-level scenario development (Hao et al. 2024)
Practice

European Commission Citizens' Panels

European Citizens’ Panels inform EU legislative processes and are designed to influence transnational policymaking.
Practice

Facilitating Deliberation: A Practical Guide

A comprehensive MosaicLab resource for public engagement and deliberative democracy covering practical step-by-step advice on planning, designing, and delivering deliberations face-to-face and online. Written by directors Kimbra White, Nicole Hunter, and Keith Greaves drawing from 39 deliberative...
Research

Fair algorithms for selecting citizens’ assemblies

Sortition algorithms have been designed to select participants according to quotas, balancing representativeness, fairness and manipulation resistance (Flanigan, 2021; Baharav, 2024).
Research

Fair, manipulation-robust, and transparent sortition

Proposes the “Goldilocks” equality objective for sortition algorithms that balance fairness, manipulation-robustness, and transparency when selecting representative panels for Citizens’ Assemblies. The algorithm ensures no volunteer receives too little or too much chance of selection, achieving n...
Research

Federated Assemblies: representation guarantees across subsidiary panels

Federated Assemblies research explores algorithms for ensuring representation guarantees across subsidiary panels.
Organization

Federation for Innovation in Democracy – North America

Acts as an independent intermediary between governments and commercial facilitation providers to ensure the integrity of a process.
Research

Financial Compensation for Citizens' in Mini-publics: Comparing Australia and Germany

Compares financial compensation approaches in Australian and German deliberative mini-publics.
Research

Five dimensions of scaling democratic deliberation: With and beyond AI

This paper provides an expanded definition of scale for democratic deliberation by breaking down the concept across five dimensions: scaling out (increasing deliberator numbers), scaling up (higher governance levels), scaling across (increasing number of processes), scaling deep (increasing impac...
Practice

Five lessons from the College of Guarantors of the French Citizens’ Convention on the End of Life

Key insights from France’s Citizens’ Convention on the End of Life (December 2022-April 2023) including: managing disengaged participants seeking media attention, balancing complexity and clarity in final reports, reconsidering voting procedures and wording, clarifying organizational responsibili...
Experimental Practice

FiveThirtyNine LLM forecasting

An AI forecasting system built on GPT-4o generating probability predictions for complex geopolitical and political events through multi-step reasoning: searching for news, compiling facts, weighing arguments, and producing calibrated probabilities. Testing against 177 historical events showed 87....
Product

Forio Public Policy simulator

Forio’s public policy simulation solutions enable decision-makers to design policies, analyze outcomes across different scenarios, and build stakeholder consensus. The product helps organizations move beyond static spreadsheet analysis by allowing interactive exploration of how multiple policy in...
Product

Formless

An AI-powered conversational form builder by Typeform that creates forms capable of asking and answering questions while gathering information. The platform operates in 120+ languages, supports AI training on custom data, and integrates with platforms like HubSpot, Google Sheets, and Slack. Enabl...
Practice

France's Citizens' Conventions Governance Committees

The Governance Committee (Comité de Gouvernance) is the oversight body for France’s Citizens’ Convention on End of Life, with a central mission to ensure the transparency and neutrality of the Convention’s organisation. It met weekly throughout the Convention’s duration to safeguard the independe...
Product

Frankly

An open-source, video-based discourse platform by Harvard’s Applied Social Media Lab facilitating meaningful conversations through integrated discussion guides, flexible facilitation options, and intelligent group matching creating balanced breakout discussions. Operates on the principle that con...
Practice

French Convention Citoyenne on Climate Oversight

The French Convention Citoyenne uses multi-stakeholder oversight committees to verify neutrality of facilitation.
Experimental Practice

G1000's large-scale deliberative process

704 randomly selected citizens partook in a Citizens’ Summit held on November 2011 around social security, immigration and distribution of wealth in times of financial crisis. More than 6000 participants took part in an earlier phase to select those 3 topics.
Research

Game Storming

A playbook for generating new ideas using games
Research

Gen

Gen is an open-source framework for probabilistic modeling and inference that automates complex probabilistic inference by providing building blocks for customized algorithms. The framework supports hybrid approaches combining neural networks, variational inference, sequential Monte Carlo, and MC...
Research

General Social Agents

Presents an approach for building AI “general” agents that can predict human behavior in novel settings without requiring extensive setting-specific training data. The agents use theory-grounded natural language instructions combined with existing empirical data and knowledge from language model ...
Research

Generative Agent Simulations of 1,000 People

We present a novel agent architecture that simulates the attitudes and behaviors of 1,052 real individuals—applying large language models to qualitative interviews about their lives, then measuring how well these agents replicate the attitudes and behaviors of the individuals that they represent. 
Research

'Generative CI' through Collective Response Systems

Introduces ‘Generative Collective Intelligence (CI)’ through Collective Response Systems that enable groups with differing viewpoints to collaboratively answer questions or make decisions using a generative voting mechanism where both voting choices and what gets voted on emerge from participatio...
Research

Generative Social Choice

Introduces a design methodology for open-ended democratic processes combining social choice theory with LLM capabilities to generate text and extrapolate preferences, enabling collective selection of textual statements unlike traditional voting limited to predetermined alternatives. The approach ...
Research

Generative Social Choice: The Next Generation

Extends the Generative Social Choice framework with theoretical guarantees for approximately optimal queries and budget limits on overall slate length, addressing the challenge of producing representative slates of statements from open-ended user opinions. Uses GPT-4o to demonstrate effectiveness...
Practice

German-Speaking Region of Belgium permanent citizens' council

The German-Speaking Region of Belgium has a permanent citizens’ council integrated into regional decision-making.
Research

Global Assembly Evaluation Report

The Global Citizens Assembly Network (gloCAN) developed various research notes related to the convening, governing, grounding and docking of global citizens’ assemblies, including an evaluation of the world’s first global assembly.
Research

Global Assembly Selection and Recruitment Workshop

Workshop examining recruitment methodologies for Global Citizens’ Assemblies, exploring tensions between sortition and inclusive representation, and proposing adaptive approaches like purposive boosts and iterative review. The workshop identified concerns that random selection may exclude margina...
Experimental Practice

Global Citizens' Assembly's integration into UN COP

Organisers behind the global citizens’ assembly in 2021 and some team members now running a second assembly have experimented with how to integrate the process into the UN COP conference as a piece of permanent infrastructure for international climate governance.
Experimental Practice

Global Climate Assembly

The world’s first global citizens’ assembly on climate (2021).
Product

Google Meet real-time translation

Google Meet now does real-time audio translation between English and Spanish (more languages coming)
Product

GoVocal

A community engagement platform serving 600+ governments globally, enabling feedback collection through surveys, voting, mapping, ideation, and participatory budgeting both online and offline. Features AI-powered analysis to identify themes, priorities, and community sentiment with quick reportin...
Research

Habermas Machine

The authors trained a large language model called the Habermas Machine to serve as an AI mediator that helped small UK groups find common ground while discussing divisive political issues such as Brexit, immigration, the minimum wage, climate change, and universal childcare. Compared with human m...
Experimental Practice

Harmonica

An AI-powered facilitation platform transforming how groups gather feedback through “conversational surveys” via chat interactions. Users set up sessions, share links for one-on-one AI conversations with smart follow-ups, then receive detailed reports with AI-generated insights and recommendation...
Experimental Practice

How can AI and Civic Tech Build Consensus for Climate Policy and Include the Voices of Future Generations?

A TICTeC 2025 workshop by MIT GOV/LAB and Stanford HAI exploring how AI and civic tech can build consensus for climate policy while including future generations’ voices using the deliberation.io platform. The platform employs AI chatbots following a Socratic dialogue model to help users reflect o...
Experimental Practice

How one of the fastest-growing cities in Kentucky used AI to plan for the next 25 years

Recent experiments (such as in Bowling Green, Kentucky) combine tools like Polis and Google Jigsaw’s Sensemaker to quickly understand a community’s priorities.
Experimental Practice

Human-centred mechanism design with Democratic AI

Simulated participants built with imitation learning have been used to provide high-volume feedback on possible income redistribution policies (DeepMind, 2022).
Research

Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores

Kleinberg, Mullainathan, and Raghavan (2016) formalize three competing fairness conditions in algorithmic classification and prove that except in highly constrained special cases, no method can satisfy these three conditions simultaneously. This foundational work establishes that practitioners mu...
Practice

Institutionalising Citizen Deliberation in Parliament: The Permanent Citizens’ Dialogue in the German-speaking Community of Belgium

The Permanent Secretary within the Ostbelgian Parliament supports dialogue between the Citizens’ Council and Parliamentarians to help convey the intent and negotiate the implementation of recommendations
Research

Institutions for Future Generations

Extensive work in political theory and political philosophy exploring the opportunities and challenges of representing future generations and non-human animals in democratic processes
Research

Integrating on-demand fact-checking with public dialogue

Study by Kriplean et al. (2014) explores integrating on-demand fact-checking into public dialogue through a crowdsourced voters’ guide.
Experimental Practice

Introducing Democratic Fine-Tuning

Joe Edelman’s Democratic Fine-Tuning (DFT) process aligning LLMs with human values through collective deliberation using Values Cards (where participants articulate underlying values like “protecting my community” rather than divisive language) and Moral Graphs (collaborative data structures mapp...
Practice

Ireland's citizens' assemblies pathway to constitutional amendment

Ireland’s citizens’ assemblies have an established procedural pathway between recommendations, referendum and constitutional amendment.
Research

It's Not Just the Taking Part that Counts: 'Like Me' Perceptions Connect the Wider Public to Minipublics

Many deliberative democrats herald the potential of minipublics to help improve the quality of democratic decision-making. Yet these democratic innovations present a paradox: how can the use of minipublics be perceived as legitimate by the maxi-public when most citizens cannot participate? This a...
Experimental Practice

Language Agents as Digital Representatives in Collective Decision-Making

Paper proposes training LLMs as “digital representatives” that can stand in for individual humans in collective decision-making processes, expressing their preferences in group interactions like consensus-finding. It explains the concept of digital representation, defines metrics for evaluating ...
Practice

Le Grand Débat National

A national consultation initiative launched by the French government in January-March 2019 in response to the Yellow Vests protests, inviting citizens to discuss taxation, public services, environmental issues, and democratic governance. Employed multiple engagement channels including town halls,...
Practice

Legislative Theatre: Using Performance to Make Politics

Book documenting Augusto Boal’s experimental practice of “Legislative Theatre” where he, elected as a city legislator in Rio de Janeiro (1993-1996), used Forum Theatre techniques with community groups to develop policy proposals that citizens could directly transform into legislation.
Research

Lessons around the impact of the global assembly

This paper focuses on the Global Assembly (GA) held before COP26 in Glasgow. It compares the organisers’ and assembly members’ perceptions of influence with analysis of the GA’s actual influence, by examining the GA’s efforts to ‘couple’ with institutions of global climate governance, and its con...
Experimental Practice

Leveraged Play

Games that build intuition, such as Leveraged Play
Research

Linguistic Models for Analyzing and Detecting Biased Language

Natural language processing tools to detect biases. (Recasens, 2013; Pryzant, 2020)
Practice

Lisbon Deliberação 675/AML/2024

Makes the 50-person Citizens’ Council a permanent body whose proposals must be tracked by the executive.
Research

Make it make sense: the challenge of data analysis in global deliberation

Goni suggests balancing “Big Data” computational methods with “Little Data”—specific examples, quotes, and stories preserving citizens’ actual reasoning—to ensure core threads of wider public opinion are elicited without losing personal nuance. Proposes democratizing data curation through domain ...
Research

Measuring concreteness (forthcoming)

Forthcoming paper on measuring concreteness in deliberative outputs
Research

Metagov's Interoperable Deliberative Tools Program

Digital tools that go beyond basic voting and commenting, and provide new capabilities to the governance ecosystem—which may only be one step of a larger deliberative governance process. The processes these tools enable may be used for online community governance, AI governance and alignment, coo...
Experimental Practice

Meta's community forums on Generative AI

For this Community Forum, 887 participants deliberated on ‘how should AI agents provide proactive, personalized experiences for users?’ and ‘how should AI agents and users interact?’.
Research

Method for quantifying changes in context (forthcoming)

Practice

Milan Municipal Regulation on Participation (2021) Art. 14

Institutes a standing convention of up to 1000 sortitioned residents; Council must debate its recommendations.
Practice

Milan's Permanent Citizens' Assembly on Climate

Milan has embedded Citizens’ Assemblies on Climate as a permanent governance feature with dedicated budget and staffing.
Practice

Mongolia Deliberative Polls for Constitutional Change

Mongolia is the first country in the world to legally require Deliberative Polling before its parliament can consider constitutional amendments. This requirement was codified into law in 2017 and has since been used twice — in 2017 and 2023 — to directly shape changes to the country’s constitutio...
Experimental Practice

More-than-human governance experiments in Europe

A DemocracyNext research project exploring how governance and policy design can draw on more-than-human intelligences, examining emerging experiments in Europe around rights-based, representation-focused, and artistic approaches. The project identified key concepts like entanglement, relationalit...
Practice

MosaicLab Critical Thinking Overview

A MosaicLab overview card introducing six core critical thinking skills - clarity, accuracy, relevance, depth, breadth, and logic - with guiding questions for each, intended as a practical reference for deliberative processes.
Research

Neural Machine Translation: A Review

There has been incredible progress on automated real-time translation in the past several years. This paper traces the evolution of neural machine translation from its roots in word embeddings and encoder-decoder architectures, situating the shift away from statistical approaches within a broader...
Practice

newDemocracy Critical Thinking Video

Video resource for developing critical thinking skills.
Organization

newDemocracy Foundation

Acts as an independent intermediary between governments and commercial facilitation providers to ensure the integrity of a process.
Practice

newDemocracy Foundation & UNDEF Handbook

Citizens’ Assembly Guide which emphasizes contextual design and optimization of overall goals like trust, implementability and integrity.
Practice

newDemocracy Unconscious Biases Video

Video resource on unconscious biases
Product

NotebookLM

NotebookLM is an AI research tool and thinking partner created by Google, serving as an AI-powered assistant designed to help users with research tasks and analytical thinking processes. It allows users to upload documents and have AI-powered conversations about the content. Currently a Google La...
Practice

NYC CEC participatory budgeting (The People's Money)

NYC CEC has integrated participatory budgeting into municipal decision-making over a decade-long implementation cycle.
Research

On sortition and deliberation at the global level

This article draws on the experience of the province of Zambezia in Mozambique as one randomly selected Assembly Member took part in the world’s first Climate Assembly on the Climate and Ecological Emergency. Based on in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and feedback sessions with local ...
Research

Opportunities and Risks of LLMs for Scalable Deliberation with Polis

Research exploring how LLMs (specifically Claude) can meaningfully enhance Polis conversations, demonstrating that summarization capabilities enable categorically new methods with immense promise to empower the public in collective meaning-making exercises. While highlighting substantial benefits...
Product

Panelot

Panelot is a not-for-profit sortition tool that facilitates random citizen selection for deliberative panels in a way that is representative of the population and fair to volunteers. It operates through a two-step process: first generating a fair distribution across multiple panels meeting demogr...
Product

Panoramic AI

Make.org’s AI platform simplifying complex political and social issues for broader public understanding by breaking down subjects into clear, accessible information using verified public documents, transcribed videos, and audio sources. Provides three pathways—predefined suggestions, thematic sea...
Practice

Paris Citizens’ Assembly

A participatory democracy institution where 100 randomly selected residents act directly for municipal policy construction through proposals, wishes, and deliberations submitted to the Paris Council. The assembly operates through four phases: discovery, exploration, development, and co-creation w...
Experimental Practice

Participatory Modelling of Climate Change Impacts on Public Health in Long Beach, California

Many stakeholders (beyond just experts) collaboratively constructed system diagrams to map climate change impacts on public health in Long Beach, California. 
Infrastructure

Participedia

A crowdsourcing platform for case studies and process metadata.
Research

Perception of the legitimacy of citizens' assemblies in deeply divided places

This paper seeks to measure how much public and elite support is there for the use of a citizens’ assembly to tackle major, deadlock-inducing disagreements in deeply divided places with consociational political institutions. It focuses on Northern Ireland and uses evidence from a cross-sectional ...
Research

Plurals: A System for Guiding LLMs via Simulated Social Ensembles

Introduces Plurals, a Python library for pluralistic AI deliberation using simulated social ensembles with LLM Agents, customizable Structures inspired by deliberative democracy, and Moderators overseeing discussions. The system integrates government datasets to create nationally representative p...
Infrastructure

Policy Priority Reference

Policy Priority Inference (PPI) is a research programme and open-source toolkit that models the causal link between government expenditure and policy outcomes using agent-based modeling (a transparent AI approach). It helps governments measure public spending impact on development outcomes and su...
Research

PolicyCraft: Supporting Collaborative and Participatory Policy Design through Case-Grounded Deliberation

A collaborative policy design system enabling participatory policymaking by anchoring discussions in concrete cases rather than abstract principles, using discussion and voting mechanisms. Field studies across two university courses demonstrated that students using PolicyCraft reached greater con...
Research

PolicyPad: Collaborative Prototyping of LLM Policies

An interactive system supporting domain experts in creating policies governing LLM behavior, drawing inspiration from UX prototyping methods like heuristic evaluation and storyboarding. Enables policy designers to work together in real time while simultaneously testing how proposed policies affec...
Product

PolicySynth

An open-source TypeScript library combining collective intelligence with AI to improve decision-making in governments and companies through multi-scale AI agent logic flows. Deploys specialized agents (Engineer, Insight, Evaluation) rather than single AI systems, analyzing complex problems, break...
Experimental Practice

Polis

An open-source platform for large-scale opinion gathering and analysis that complements lottery-selected citizen assemblies by expanding participation and enhancing deliberative processes. Polis integrates with assemblies through six strategies: topic selection, topic framing, epistemic diversity...
Practice

Porto Alegre participatory budgeting

Porto Alegre has integrated participatory budgeting into municipal decision-making over a multi-decade-long implementation cycle.
Research

Principles for participant selection in global forums

Principles for how to select participants in global forums.
Product

Psi

An AI-powered collective intelligence platform enabling organizations to gain insights from real-time conversations with hundreds or thousands of participants in less than one hour. The platform combines human dialogue with AI to extract meaningful insights, achieving results up to 333x faster th...
Experimental Practice

Radicle Civics — Building Proofs of Possibilities for a Civic Economy and Society

An experimental project by Dark Matter Labs exploring the use of large language models (LLMs) to represent non-human entities like rivers in democratic deliberation. Part of their “Radicle Civics” initiative, it experiments with AI as a medium for giving voice to natural systems in governance pro...
Product

Remesh

An AI-powered insights platform enabling organizations to conduct hybrid market research through live digital focus groups (up to 1,000 participants), asynchronous surveys (up to 5,000 participants), and video interviews at scale. Participants respond to questions and vote on each other’s answers...
Experimental Practice

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a popular machine learning technique used to make LLMs provide answers only from validated data sources. This is deployed with learning materials and other pre-validated data sources.
Research

Revisiting "The Voice of the People": An Evaluation of the Claims and Consequences of Deliberative Polling

Limits of expert-led brief packs (albeit focused on deliberative polling)
Research

Selective Voices in Deliberative Mini-Publics: Self Selection and Citizens’ Assembly Participation in the US.

Alexandra Cirone’s empirical work on self-selection biases in citizens’ assembly participation, presented at the Stanford Workshop on Democratic Governance and New Technology. The workshop examines how voting and governance systems are being adapted for online platforms, addressing challenges lik...
Research

Shareholder Democracy with AI Representatives

Proposes AI-enabled representatives trained on individual shareholder preferences to vote on their behalf in corporate governance. Addresses the problem that mutual funds concentrate voting power among few asset managers who lack insight into individual preferences. Argues this approach could out...
Experimental Practice

Simile.ai

Simile is a simulation platform for human behavior. AI-driven simulations show how and why customers, employees, or populations respond to change.
Experimental Practice

Simulator (by Delib)

An online platform engaging citizens in deliberative decision-making by adjusting sliders to reflect priorities and observing consequences of different trade-offs. Used by over 100 organizations worldwide for budget allocation, climate response planning, policing priorities, transport planning, a...
Research

Smoothed Analysis of Social Choice, Revisited

Addresses the fundamental challenge in voting theory that designing voting rules satisfying all desirable properties is impossible, exploring this through “smoothed analysis” that introduces small random perturbations to votes. The paper provides simple sufficient conditions for smoothed-satisfac...
Experimental Practice

SORT-EU Network

A collaborative coalition coordinated by Sortition Europe bringing together more than 30 organizations across EU member states to advance democratic participation through sortition-based methods. Partners handle in-country recruitment and communication within their respective member states, maint...
Experimental Practice

South Australia's Nuclear Fuel Cycle Citizens' Juries

The South Australia’s Nuclear Fuel Cycle Citizens’ Juries featured one jury completing a task that fed into a subsequent larger jury (2016).
Experimental Practice

Stanford Deliberative Polling Methodology

A random, representative sample is first polled on the targeted issues. After this baseline poll, members of the sample are invited to gather at a single place for a weekend in order to discuss the issues. Carefully balanced briefing materials are sent to the participants and are also made public...
Product

Stanford Online Deliberation Platform

A video discussion tool facilitating structured and equitable conversation with automated moderation helping participants form speaking queues, timed agendas, and real-time analytics. Built on Deliberative Polling methodology allowing unlimited participants to deliberate simultaneously in small g...
Research

Statistical Foundations of Virtual Democracy

Examines which voting rules are robust to prediction errors in “virtual democracy” systems that learn individual preferences and aggregate predicted votes. The research proves that the classic Borda count rule is robust to prediction errors, whereas any voting rule belonging to the wide family of...
Research

Strategic Classification

Hardt et al. (2015) address classifier manipulation by strategic actors, modeling the problem as a sequential game between classifier designers and individuals seeking favorable classification who may alter attributes to game the system. For natural cost function classes, they developed computati...
Research

Strategic Classification is Causal Modeling in Disguise

Miller, Milli, and Hardt (2020) reveal a fundamental connection between strategic classification and causal inference, distinguishing between gaming (circumventing the system) and genuine improvement. Their central argument is that designing classifiers that incentivize improvement must inevitabl...
Research

Strategy-proofness and Arrow's conditions: Existence and correspondence theorems for voting procedures and social welfare functions

Satterthwaite’s landmark 1975 work on strategy-proofness and Arrow’s conditions, investigating the relationship between preventing strategic manipulation in voting procedures and satisfying Arrow’s impossibility conditions. This foundational work in mechanism design theory demonstrates existence ...
Experimental Practice

Student Workshop on AI Governance with Missions Publiques

A two-day deliberative workshop on AI governance facilitated by Harmonica and Missions Publiques, engaging over 70 university students at ENS-PSL in Paris in February 2025. The platform captured participant responses, generated real-time discussion summaries, and enabled facilitators to track eme...
Research

Supernotes: Driving Consensus in Crowd-Sourced Fact-Checking

AI-driven approach to improve X’s Community Notes where for 91% of posts with proposed notes, no notes achieve sufficient support. The system generates LLM-created fact-checking notes synthesizing information from multiple existing notes, with a scoring model identifying candidates most likely to...
Product

Talk to the City

An AI-powered deliberation platform by AI Objectives Institute that extracts positions from unstructured text, organizes them into argument clusters based on reasoning similarity, and presents findings through interactive visualization. Features include LLM representatives from each perspective e...
Research

The Graphic Facilitators Guide How To Use Your Listening - Thinking and Drawing Skills To Make Meaning

Guidebook on graphic facilitation, teaching practitioners how to use real-time visual note-taking and drawing to map ideas and conversations during meetings and group processes.
Research

The Social Cost of Strategic Classification

Examines how actors modify behavior when being evaluated by algorithms. Builds on a 2015 paper by Hardt and related to a 2020 paper by the same authors
Research

The Time Machine: Future Scenario Generation Through Generative AI Toolson with Generative AI

Future scenario generation with Generative AI
Product

ThinkScape

An AI-powered platform facilitating large-scale group conversations among up to 250 people simultaneously using proprietary Swarm AI and Hyperchat AI technologies. The platform divides large groups into smaller discussion subgroups then weaves conversations together into coherent deliberation, co...
Practice

Timelocked execution of on-chain smart contracts in DAOs

Timelocked execution of on-chain smart contracts in DAOs/Cryptography.
Experimental Practice

Using Collective Dialogues and AI to Find Common Ground Between Israeli and Palestinian Peacebuilders

Research by Andrew Konya applying AI and structured dialogue to bridge divides in real-world conflict settings, specifically among Israeli and Palestinian peacebuilders following October 7th, 2023. The initiative engaged approximately 138 civil society participants between April and July 2024, pr...
Practice

Victorian Local Government Act

Requires local councils to use deliberative engagement processes to inform the development of their long-term strategic planning.
Product

Voicepanel

An AI-powered platform streamlining customer research by automating feedback collection through voice and video responses from hundreds of participants in minutes. Features adaptive AI questioning that probes topics like a human researcher, access to 30M+ consumer panelists across 150+ countries,...
Practice

Yarra Valley Water deliberative processes

Yarra Valley Water has consistently held deliberative processes to contribute to their regulated long-term business plans.
Product

YourPriorities

A cloud-based civic engagement platform connecting governments with citizens for collaborative problem-solving through idea generation and balanced deliberation where citizens add supporting or opposing points. The platform’s structure minimizes toxic interactions by requiring standalone countera...

Information that flows reliably between subsidiary and central processes in both directions, preserving fidelity and deliberative logic

Maxi-public engagements that are effectively and fairly integrated into mini-public deliberations.

Conflict navigation that preserves both participant dignity and deliberative quality.

Deliberative recommendations from local and national processes that integrate into transnational governance structures

Deliberative processes that can be tested and refined before implementation with real participants

Urgent

Deliberative norms that are embedded in an authority's standard operating procedures

Long-term effects of participation that can be tracked on individuals and their networks

Urgent

Adaptive protocols that maintain legitimacy while responding to unexpected conditions.

Deliberative processes that are automatically deployed at predetermined intervals or when specified conditions arise

Post-hoc verification that can establish that outcomes were not unduly influenced.

Urgent

Deep understanding of when, if at all, simulation can be helpful.

Outputs that are presented in clear and precise language to enable translation to action.

Interoperable systems that seamlessly handle diverse data types, sources, and languages while maintaining data integrity and attribution

Outputs that address the complexity and nuance of the issue.

Assembly designs that are robust to both internal and external manipulation attempts.

Urgent

Resilience that can be built into assembly design from inception.

Product "Neutrality dashboards" that provide real-time feedback to facilitators and organizers.

Urgent

Governments that can legally bind themselves to the decisions of a deliberative process

Urgent

Distilled and aggregated content that is integrated effectively into the process.

Processes that can route and synthesize content in a dynamic fashion according to particular needs and goals.

Post-conflict repair mechanisms that restore trust and collaborative capacity.

Research data from deliberative processes that is accessible to researchers under standardized ethical frameworks

Design governance, funding, and operational hosting arrangements that are credibly neutral and resilient to geopolitical perceptions of capture

Affected communities that have meaningful recourse when accountability mechanisms fail

Agreement is found on concrete proposals and not empty platitudes.

Tools that better understand the impacts on outcomes and trade-offs implicit in making specific design decisions such as the depth or kinds of intersections types of representation and fairness.

Ad-hoc assessment of whether responses to ambiguity are in alignment with intended outcomes of process outputs

Participants from all backgrounds who are supported to effectively express their views

Process design choices that can optimize for desired outcomes (ideally empirically)

Participants who can track how their contributions have informed the process' outcomes.

Hierarchical relationships between subsidiary and central processes that reflect legitimate governance principles

Commissioning authorities that are truly held accountable to their commitments

Deliberative outputs that can be expressed in machine-readable, structured formats that authority systems can ingest.

Private organizations that can legally bind themselves to the decisions of a deliberative process

Urgent

Recommendations that are effectively stress tested to be as robust as possible.

Real-time data routing that enables responsive process management

Processes that are quickly responsive to participant needs when further context and information are required during the process.

Processes that run across time zones without systematically advantaging or disadvantaging any region

Real-time monitoring and correction of neutrality violations that is feasible.

Urgent

Participants in scaled-out processes who experience meaningful individual contribution and impact

Participants who learn as much as possible in the time available.

Urgent

Deliberative outputs that remain relevant, adaptable and useful as contexts shift.

Ensure that commitments made by commissioning authorities to act on process outputs stick

Urgent

Participants from all backgrounds who are supported to understand the arguments of others.

Deliberative tool that allows large groups (1000+) to collaboratively author a cohesive document, with guarantees on the relative influence of each contributor.

Manage representation guarantees across iterative and parallel panels.

Deliberative processes that include pre-convening technical mapping phases that identify integration points and constraints

Ensure that commitments are sufficiently adaptable to changing circumstances

Urgent

Hybrid human-AI systems that can provide legitimate backup mechanisms.

Design deliberative processes that can function productively across diverse normative and epistemic frameworks

Participants who have all their questions and concerns answered promptly and in an encouraging welcoming and ongoing manner.

Stratification approaches that best balance desiderata such as public trust, deliberative quality, epistemic quality, and the legitimacy of panels.

Recruitment strategies that accommodate poor databases for identifying and accessing people locations with no mail access or poor access to the internet.

Urgent

Efficiently generate background information materials that are sufficiently holistic and informative.

Digital tools that enhance facilitation quality and capacity.

Urgent

That neutrality can be defined and measured across different assembly components.

Urgent

Early warning systems that can reliably detect emerging conflicts before escalation.

Digital tools that are as transparent as possible.

Simulations that are accurate enough to be relied upon when decisions are needed rapidly (e.g. seconds minutes hours).

Preserve human elements that make deliberation legitimate and valuable

Urgent

Participants who are able to accurately understand the potential impacts of their decisions.

Urgent

Process management systems that embed constraints by default, making requirements clear to organizers and authorities

Metrics of quality of deliberation that can be measured in real time, enabling facilitators to make adaptive process interventions

Urgent

Reasons that are effectively transmitted across individuals/groups.

Non-participants who can monitor the process.

Deep intersectional representation that more closely matches the constituent population (even with high-quality selection pools).

Deliberations that can be captured faithfully and unobtrusively with full participant consent and ethical protection

Urgent

Legitimately include important absent perspectives into deliberative processes.

Preference transformation and participant learning that can be tracked throughout the process

Urgent

Sufficiently influential organizations that are focused on holding authorities to their promised levels of democratic involvement

Legitimate mandating and uptake structures for a global assembly that are established in the absence of a sovereign authority

Process outputs that can be automatically incorporated into technical systems

Scenarios that can be reliably enumerated to inform deliberations.

Urgent

A single process operates that is compliant with divergent regimes for data, consent, safeguarding, and compensation

Translation that occurs in real time and integrates smoothly into the process.

Panel compositions that are robust to expected attrition.

Key process details that are able to be independently verified.

Process outcomes that can be empirically measured and compared across contexts, processes and systems, enabling evidence-based improvements

Urgent

Structure participation and agenda-setting so that asymmetric geopolitical power does not predetermine outcomes

Outputs from processes that respect the relevant legal and institutional confines in which they are operating.

Legal frameworks that provide definitions of different degrees of bindingness with timelines and enforcement triggers

Urgent

Collective input of many form factors that is quickly and meaningfully synthesized, and that fairly reflects participant perspectives.

Outputs that closely engage with key stakeholder concerns, perspectives and realities.

Effectively support participants in finding common ground.

Participants in remote regions with limited education technical capacity or supportive infrastructure who can meaningfully participate.

Independent oversight bodies that have the necessary access, expertise, and authority to ensure process integrity

Safe, technically binding decision-making systems

Urgent

Critical failure thresholds that can be identified and monitored in real-time.

Tools that track the quality of individual and group learning within the deliberative process

Urgent

Process time allocations that are empirically calibrated to achieve specific deliberative outcomes under real-world time constraints

A guarantee of the transparency of the process data while protecting participant privacy, especially for sensitive topics.

Processes that enable meaningful dialogue and deliberation across deep divisions.

Non-participants who understand and buy into the process.

Sequences of micro-processes that can be easily connected to create larger processes

Urgent

Participants who can critically reflect on their preferences in response to new information.

A deliberative culture that is shared across divergent procedural norms

Claims and inputs provided throughout the deliberative processes that can be evaluated upon request.

Participants who are well equipped to engage critically with evidence and arguments.

Designers who understand the validity boundaries and appropriate use cases for deliberative process simulation

Urgent

Practitioners who can reliably predict and allocate minimum viable time for a process given its objectives and context

Scaled-out processes that engage a diverse cross-section of society

Process outputs that are automatically integrated into existing organizational or governance decision-making workflows

Maxi-public engagements that attract and support participation from diverse social groups.

Participants who can efficiently write proposals in ways that support large group collaboration while identifying differences for reconciliation through deliberation.

Response rates that enable selection algorithms to accurately select panels that represent the whole population by mitigating the impacts of self-selection biases.

Urgent

Participants who can fully engage in multilingual deliberation regardless of their native language or geographical location.

Internal barriers that are removed within organizations to be able to make and act on commitments

Urgent

That every relevant person can participate without high personal costs; participation barriers that are proactively identified and addressed across income levels, caregiving responsibilities, employment types, disabilities, and cultural contexts.

Enumerated scenarios that can be effectively and fairly integrated into deliberations.

Urgent

Deliberative processes that can be tested and refined before implementation with real participants.

There are cheap and efficient ways of recruiting participants that can account for differences in response rates to different types of invitation methods (mail phone door-knocking etc).

Urgent

Manipulation attempts that can be reliably detected and prevented across different stages of the assembly process.

Urgent

Actionable and standardized best practices for aggregation and distillation within deliberative processes.

Process designers who can make informed decisions that balance intersectional representation and panel selection feasibility.

Translation that is attentive to nuances and subtleties in communication.

How can deliberative outputs be developed to accommodate revisions over time whilst preserving their intended motivations?

How can we effectively account for uncertainty in scenario consequences?

Urgent

How can we ensure simulated participants accurately represent missing demographics?

How can we design adaptive learning systems that provide personalized learning programs?

Urgent

What conditions make adversarial auditing or independent review an accountability mechanism rather than a legitimizing exercise?

How can AI support the creation of compelling media experiences that support parascaling?

How can AI support depolarization, and what new problems might it create in low-trust environments?

Can AI generate its own suggested changes and test them to search the latent space for optimal solutions?

Urgent

What design variables in deliberative formats can AI systems reliably identify as leverage points for optimization through automated multi-agent simulation?

What are the most common barriers that prevent AI labs from binding to deliberative outcomes? Which barriers are structural versus contingent on political will?

To what extent can AI be used to provide reliable live-time fact-checking within deliberations?

Under what conditions can AI-simulated participants maintain democratic legitimacy?

Can AI generate its own suggested changes and test them to search the latent space for optimal solutions?

What alternative mechanisms most effectively replicate the functional properties of a legal bind?

What are the best ways of anticipating key objections core power holders may raise against recommendations?

What kinds of systems are appropriate for simulation?

Urgent

What collaboration tooling and facilitation workflows preserve deliberative quality and equal influence when participation is partly asynchronous, especially for drafting, consensus testing, and iteration cycles?

How can automatic logging of key events improve access for verifiers?

How do automatic triggering mechanisms affect the quality, scope, and perceived legitimacy of deliberative processes compared to strategically timed, commissioned processes?

How can we assist or automate onboarding and process troubleshooting to reduce the costs of inclusion?

How to balance finding common ground within a limited time, while minimally sacrificing depth of final outputs?

How do we balance efficiency with resilience in resource-constrained environments?

How can facilitators maintain neutrality while also ensuring productive deliberation?

Urgent

How much authentic human value is lost at each level of AI involvement (AI note-taker vs. AI facilitator vs. AI co-deliberator) and where is the steepest drop-off in the value-cost curve?

Urgent

How can we fairly balance self-selection biases with open opportunities for contribution in wider public engagement?

If 'doing the work' of synthesizing and clustering is more valuable than having an AI do it, do participants benefit equally from 'doing this work' or does it privilege those with more skills and stamina?

Urgent

What conditions allow commitments to remain binding when the regulatory or political environment shifts significantly after the commitment was made?

Regarding timelines, when does the obligation need to begin? How long a delay, after a decision has been made, is acceptable for a bind to be considered respected? What prevents indefinite deferral?

Under what political conditions do authorities accept binding trigger thresholds for deliberative processes, and what safeguards prevent such mechanisms from being circumvented or repealed when outputs prove inconvenient?

Is there a demonstrable trade-off between the degree of legal bindingness imposed on AI labs and their capacity for rapid AI innovation? If so, under what governance designs is that trade-off minimized?

How should the degree of bindingness be calibrated to the characteristics of the decision at stake?

Can AI systems identify their own biases and reasoning errors more reliably than individual humans can identify their own cognitive biases when making sense of inputs?

Urgent

How can we ensure that nuances in communication are effectively captured during live translation of deliberations?

What channels exist to formally challenge accountability failures? How accessible and impactful are they in practice?

What checks and balances are needed, when making fully-binding decisions?

To what extent can we clearly communicate the inner workings of AI-augmented deliberative tools?

How do we communicate changes to stakeholders without undermining confidence in outcomes?

How to communicate outputs effectively to different audiences (policy-makers, media, general public) without losing essential nuance and decisiveness?

How to enable AI-provided context that is appropriately comprehensive and sufficiently unbiased?

How to ensure that promising bridging proposals that are identified are sufficiently concrete?

Under what conditions is it reasonable to not stick with commitments? (e.g. does the reversal of a commitment require an explicit mandate, either through an election or a subsequent deliberative process?)

What are the best approaches to managing confidentiality and sensitive information with oversight?

How can we measure and address the "conflict hangover" effect on subsequent deliberations?

How do standardized consent frameworks that specify permitted research uses affect both researcher access rates and participant willingness to contribute data, and what consent design achieves the best balance?

How to quickly provide information on the consequences for different types and ranges of intersectional constraints on selecting participants?

How should deliberative processes constrain their recommendation space during design to ensure outputs are technically and administratively implementable within the commissioning authority's existing systems and cycles?

What are the best methods for constructing attrition-robust panels?

Under what conditions should a binding deliberative outcome be legally contestable or reversible?

How can we convey similarities and differences between the outputs? (Including satellite deliberations - across cultures and languages - with the goal of finding common ground?)

How can deliberative processes operating at different governance layers be coordinated such that they inform rather than contradict each other, especially when underlying values or priorities differ across regions?

What redundancies and buffers are most cost-effective for different types of disruptions?

Which evaluation metrics (comparing single-dimension vs. composite indices) are sensitive enough to detect quality differences within similar processes but robust enough for valid comparison across different topics, geographies, and participant populations?

How should the learning phase of a transnational assembly be designed so that participants from different epistemic cultures assess the evidence base as credible and non-ideological?

How can we develop standardized neutrality assessment tools that can be applied across different cultural contexts?

Urgent

What onboarding and norm-setting protocols successfully establish shared procedural expectations (around disagreement, turn-taking, inclusion of dissent, and decision closure) among participants drawn from cultures with fundamentally different conventions for public reasoning and conflict?

How do accountability mechanisms hold when AI organizations operate globally but commitments are made in specific jurisdictions?

What is the minimum viable legal architecture in terms of entity jurisdiction, data routing, and consent frameworks that allows a single deliberative process to lawfully handle participant data across the major regulatory regimes (GDPR, PIPL, LGPD, etc.) without fragmenting the process into siloed national tracks?

What facilitation protocols and deliberative structures enable groups with fundamentally different reasoning traditions (e.g., rights-based, communitarian, religious) to reach actionable agreements without requiring convergence on underlying justifications?

How can cryptographic mechanisms create locking mechanisms and binding incentive structures?

What are culturally-sensitive approaches to conflict that work across different contexts?

What is the relationship between temporal investment in cultural integration and the stability or resilience of deliberative practices when political leadership changes?

Which culturally divergent participation norms (e.g., deference to elders, consensus vs. majoritarian instincts, comfort with open disagreement) most frequently cause breakdowns in mixed deliberative settings, and what specific facilitation adaptations are effective at bridging them?

What consent, anonymization, and data governance protocols (comparing opt-in vs. opt-out, persistent vs. temporary storage, restricted vs. open licensing) enable practitioners to balance participant privacy and autonomy against the research value of maintaining rich deliberative records?

What data triage and routing processes (structured as decision trees vs. algorithmic vs. moderator-driven) enable process organizers to respond to emerging issues during deliberations, measured by time-to-action and intervention appropriateness?

What makes a community 'affected'?

How do we define and measure neutrality when legitimate value disagreements exist about what constitutes "neutral"?

Urgent

What constellation of outcomes (spanning legitimacy, recommendation quality, participant satisfaction, opinion change, and downstream policy impact) must any democratic process achieve to be considered successful, and how do these vary with process purpose?

What are some inputs used in technical alignment approaches that could be produced or enhanced with deliberative processes?

How do we adapt deliberative practices for contexts where participants may have experienced collective trauma?

What are the tipping points where adaptation compromises core democratic values?

How do different process design choices impact different desired outcomes?

How to determine the point at which polarization will impact deliberation beyond usual practice?

How to develop an AI facilitator that is attentive to power imbalances, adaptive to group dynamics and effective in guiding groups towards successful outcomes?

Urgent

How can we develop participants' reasoning and critical thinking skills within a process?

Urgent

How can digital tools assist human facilitators to more effectively facilitate deliberations?

Urgent

What happens when affected communities and convening authorities disagree on whether a commitment has been made? What weight is given to the arguments of the affected communities?

How can we design synthesis and filtering systems that distill massive public input into actionable insights?

How can we distinguish between legitimate persuasion and manipulative influence in deliberative settings?

Urgent

How do downstream effects from participation systematically vary across different deliberative process formats (comparing citizens' assemblies, deliberative polls, mini-publics, and online forums), and what process features predict effect heterogeneity?

What particular knock-on effects from participation (spanning civic engagement, political efficacy, discussion spillover, network influence, or policy awareness) are most important to measure, and what longitudinal methods best capture them without excessive participant burden?

Why do some accountability campaigns successfully change authority behavior while others are ignored?

What compensation models (such as flat stipends, income-replacement, or tiered payments) achieve equitable participation access across income levels and employment types without creating perverse incentives or undermining intrinsic motivation?

What consequences do AI organizations or governments treat as real deterrents today? When does reputational cost stop mattering?

Which pressure tactics (public shaming, litigation, coalition-building) are most effective in different political contexts?

What are the effects of AI facilitation on public perceptions, group dynamics and deliberative quality?

Urgent

What are the best methods for efficiently educating people?

Urgent

What are the most efficient ways of recruiting participants?

Urgent

How can we best embed traceability and transparency into the aggregation/distillation process?

How to help participants recognize and constructively engage with emotional dimensions, especially on highly-sensitive topics?

Urgent

How can we enumerate a comprehensive set of scenarios or cases that a policy needs to address?

Urgent

How to evaluate the degree of confidence in factual claims? How to convey this to participants or among participants?

How can delibtech tools expand the space of policy scenarios and considerations in a transparent and fair way?

Urgent

What methods can help the wider public understand how and why a process is set-up?

What are the best standardized models for 'in-person' (in real world or online) facilitators to follow as they collate and record views of participants?

Which visualization and dashboard designs (comparing temporal vs. spatial vs. network-based layouts) best support real-time information use by facilitators under time pressure, and when do practitioners choose to ignore dashboard signals?

How can deliberative outputs be formatted as functions such that they can automatically adapt?

What behavioral indicators reliably signal attempts to game deliberative processes?

Urgent

What are the best methods for generating and integrating effective, actionable and value-aligned proposals for bridging divides?

What governance configurations (oversight composition, funding diversification thresholds, operational hosting rotation, and transparency mechanisms) are necessary and sufficient for a global assembly to be perceived as credibly neutral by participants and publics across geopolitical blocs?

How best to implement global sortition given limited resources or access to population data?

Urgent

What are the most common barriers that prevent governments from binding to deliberative outcomes? Which barriers are structural versus contingent on political will?

How can technically binding decisions integrate with AI alignment in gradual ways?

How can individual learning be mediated through group learning to lift all boats?

Urgent

How can we foster the group building and trust that is necessary for high-quality deliberation as group sizes increase?

How can we handle the real-world failure modes of recruitment?

Urgent

What transparency and consent mechanisms are required for hybrid assemblies?

What hybrid approaches can combine fast simulation with selective human input to optimize both speed and accuracy for urgent decisions?

Urgent

How can we identify verbal and non-verbal cues that predict conflict escalation in deliberative settings?

How to fairly identify and fill perspective or empirical gaps in the background information?

How can we identify the likelihood that key scenarios are missing?

Urgent

What are the best methods for providing impartial robustness checking and critical friend support for output refinement?

What is the amount of carrots vs. sticks necessary to protect commitments internally?

What methods can best incentivize and enable participation in maxi-public engagements beyond the 'usual suspects'?

Which information-distillation mechanisms (such as structured synthesis templates, tiered delegation systems, or multi-stage aggregation protocols) most effectively transmit salient deliberative insights from satellite processes to central processes without losing critical context or minoritarian viewpoints?

How to suitably treat information hierarchies and data privacy while accumulating and mapping the information space?

What organizational change management strategies enable deliberative decision-making to become institutionalized rather than remaining dependent on individual champions or external pressure?

How can different translation techniques be combined and integrated most seamlessly?

How can we create standardized integrity assessment frameworks for evaluating completed assemblies?

Urgent

What feedback and transmission protocols ensure that decisions or directions from central processes reach subsidiary processes in time to shape their work, and how do asynchronous vs. synchronous sequencing affect deliberative quality at each level?

How can we represent scenarios in an interactive and educational process (not predictive modelling)?

Urgent

What are the internal barriers that prevent commitment from happening? (e.g. employee pressure, incentive systems, decision-making culture, organizational structure?)

To what extent can a structured repository of interpretive precedents — built from annotated implementation decisions linked back to the deliberative rationale that grounds them — function as a reliable 'case law' for navigating ambiguity in process outputs?

What are the best methods for enabling iterative and ongoing citizen engagement so recommendations can be updated as contexts shift?

How do iterative constraint updates (possibly presented as embedded technical briefs, live feasibility checks, or expert panels) during deliberation affect the quality and implementability of recommendations, compared to constraint-free processes?

How can representation be managed across iterations of panels or many panels in parallel?

How do we evaluate any moral philosophical or efficacy-based justifications for trying to include the voices of non-humans/future generations in deliberations?

How reliably can language models trained on deliberative transcripts, stated rationales, and value-elicitation outputs distinguish between implementation decisions that are consistent with versus divergent from the normative commitments embedded in process outputs?

How can individual learning agents identify and pair learning partners for defined objectives (idea crosspollination, depolarization, information gaps)?

Urgent

What role can legal or compliance infrastructure play in embedding deliberative commitments into operations? Under what conditions can it be counter-productive?

What existing analogues (e.g. binding arbitration) provide legal precedents, and what do they fail to address for AI governance contexts?

What triggering thresholds and conditions can be specified in law or regulation such that they reliably activate appropriate deliberative processes?

What are the limits of intersectional representation in sortition algorithms and where are trade-offs most present?

What are the opportunities and pitfalls of live streaming/recording processes for wider public following?

How do we best ensure that speakers of low-resource languages are not disadvantaged within deliberative forums?

What machine translation and annotation approaches (comparing human-in-the-loop vs. automated vs. hybrid) maintain semantic accuracy for multilingual data in international or diverse assemblies, particularly for idioms and context-dependent meaning?

How can maxi-public contributions be integrated in a way that maintains nuance and connections to personal stories/contexts?

What are the best methods for managing aggregated inputs when content production and integration occur over time?

What are the options for managing the hierarchical relationships between processes, and their pros and cons?

What institutional design features of a mandating body (composition, decision rules, relationship to existing international organizations) are necessary for participants and external audiences to perceive a global assembly as legitimately authorized rather than self-appointed?

How can we develop manipulation impact metrics that distinguish between minor and outcome-altering influences?

Urgent

What process design features enable participants at scale to perceive their input as meaningful and consequential, compared to large-group formats without such features?

How do we measure commitment drift, i.e. commitments that have not stuck over time?

How can we measure the concreteness of statements and recommendations?

What observable deliberative quality dimensions (such as turn-taking equity, argument depth, perspective inclusion, or respectfulness) can be reliably measured through automated content analysis or human observation in real time, and what does measurement reveal about facilitator behavior changes?

What measurement approaches (comparing explicit belief statements, semantic mapping, implicit preference tasks, or network analysis of argument adoption) best capture individual and group learning and preference shifts while remaining feasible to administer at deliberation intervals?

How do different methods for measuring preference transformation (pre/post surveys, in-process journaling, exit interviews, or network tracking) correlate with one another and with long-term behavioral change, under different deliberative process formats?

What are the best methods to measure the faithfulness of simulations?

Urgent

What are the best methods to measure the accuracy of simulations?

Urgent

How can we measure whether conflict resolution preserved or suppressed minority viewpoints?

How can deliberative processes produce outputs that meet legal, technical, or administrative requirements without compromising participant ownership?

What are the different methods for representing non-humans/future generations and how do these methods compare?

How can we design information presentation formats that minimize susceptibility to framing effects?

Urgent

What are the best approaches to recruiting a participant pool that captures the complexity and intersections of society while minimising self-selection biases?

Urgent

How can we define and measure "minimum viable" conditions for different assembly objectives?

How can we track and mitigate biases within scenario mapping?

Urgent

What strategies can be used to motivate participation in less-democratic contexts?

Urgent

How can we ensure that outputs go beyond abstract, high-level principles to specific, actionable proposals?

How can we solve the technical blockers to effective and truth-worthy multi-agent simulation and modelling?

Urgent

How can AI systems translate, generate and integrate learning materials into diverse formats (text, audio, visual, etc)?

Urgent

Which existing or novel configurations of multi-stakeholder commitment (such as pre-negotiated adoption pledges from national governments, treaty body referral mechanisms, or voluntary corporate compliance frameworks) may produce the highest rates of recommendation uptake from transnational deliberative processes, and under what conditions?

What are the appropriate metrics for measuring neutrality in information presentation, question framing, and synthesis?

Urgent

What are acceptable thresholds for intervention when neutrality violations are detected?

Urgent

Does the integration of deliberative technologies raise fundamentally new transparency challenges to processes and if so, what are they?

Which open standards and API specifications (building on ActivityPub, NDJSON, or deliberation-specific formats) best enable interoperability between different tools while operating within organizations' existing tech stacks and governance constraints?

What are the tradeoffs between openness/transparency and manipulation resistance?

Urgent

How can process outcomes (spanning legitimacy, recommendation quality, participant satisfaction, opinion change, and downstream policy impact) be operationalized as measurable indicators practitioners can feasibly collect?

How to rotate groups/route comments to provide an optimal exposure and testing of different reasons?

Urgent

For a given budget, location, panel size, and unique quotas, how can we design a recruitment plan that will maximize response rates and the representativeness of the sample?

Urgent

How does the optimal session length and pacing vary with task type (information processing vs. value deliberation vs. decision-making), topic complexity (technical vs. normative vs. hybrid), and participant characteristics (expertise, prior knowledge, cognitive diversity)?

What is the Pareto frontier for different deliberative outcomes (learning, viewpoint formation, common ground, decision quality, participant satisfaction) as a function of session time, and are there absolute minimum thresholds below which outcomes collapse for given topic types?

What output formats and structural constraints enable deliberative recommendations to plug directly into standard legislative and administrative processes without loss of fidelity or intent?

How can deliberative process outputs be incorporated into shared system evaluations or benchmarks?

Which institutional arrangements enable oversight bodies to meaningfully influence process design and implementation without creating adversarial dynamics with commissioning authorities?

How does the degree of isolation of a citizen participation office affect its resilience to political interference? What level of integration vs. independence optimizes legitimacy?

How to manage recruitment in geographies with incredibly poor access and digital and physical infrastructure?

Urgent

What pre-convening technical mapping approach (such as decision-system audits, output format workshops, or constraint inventories) enables authorities to communicate decision-integration constraints to process designers before convening?

Do some process modifications require extensive piloting, while others can be deployed immediately? What characteristics of a novel application predict adaptation difficulty?

What exercise, issue and context characteristics most strongly predict the time required to complete a given task or process and can these be codified into a prediction model usable by practitioners at design time?

What are the most effective methods and formats for presenting process outputs to decision makers, and what tools can support this process?

What pre-commitments and transparency measures best preserve legitimacy during adaptations?

What agenda-setting and issue-framing procedures demonstrably prevent the priorities of technology-producing nations or major funders from dominating the scope and terms of deliberation in transnational processes?

How do we prevent gaming or manipulation of AI backup systems?

How can we develop criteria and methods for prioritizing scenarios based on likelihood, impact, and relevance to deliberative decisions?

Urgent

What legal mechanisms can a private company set up to make deliberative outcomes enforceable?

How to develop real-time dashboards that track process health across multiple dimensions?

Developing process pattern languages to be combined with open or customised facilitation resources.

What processes are particularly suited to fragile and polarized contexts, and what adaptations in process designs are necessary?

How can deliberative processes be used to produce formal and verifiable specifications (unit tests, integration tests) for technical systems?

Which types of wider public contributions are productive and which are prone to contradicting or creating hierarchical confusion between engagements?

How do we distinguish between productive tension that enhances deliberation and destructive conflict?

What properties should commitments have to make them truly adaptable? (e.g. specificity vs. breadth, time boundedness, rules for how commitments evolve over time)

What practices protect commitments from reversal when leadership or staff changes in an organization or government?

How can we quantify the fairness of different approaches to sampling the population?

Urgent

How can we assist or automate the aggregation of deliberative input from diverse participants in real time whilst maintaining nuance around minority perspectives?

What real-time facilitation interventions (such as structured summarization, breakpoint decisions, or adaptive session extension) enable organizers to detect when deliberative quality is degrading due to time pressure and respond within process constraints?

How can we develop real-time detection systems for coordinated manipulation attempts during participant recruitment and selection?

Urgent

What support tools could help practitioners get high-level feedback in real-time, such that they can adapt and improve the process as it is underway?

How can we design responsive information systems that provide accurate context in real-time?

How can we develop realistic simulation environments that accurately predict how different deliberative formats will perform according to different design choices?

Urgent

How can we help participants reason about long-term consequences and intergenerational impacts that are difficult to visualize or experience directly?

Urgent

What recording modalities (comparing video, audio-only, spatial tracking, or multimodal combinations) most reliably preserve the substance of deliberation while remaining minimally intrusive and respectful of participant discomfort?

What kinds of recruitment methods reach which kinds of people?

Urgent

Which barrier-reduction interventions provide the highest return on investment for inclusive participation?

Which recruitment, access, or participation-support interventions (such as remuneration levels, scheduling flexibility, multilingual facilitation, or accessibility accommodations) most effectively reduce barriers to participation for structurally marginalized populations as processes scale, and what trade-offs do these interventions create with cost and facilitation complexity?

What combination of technical infrastructure, governance structures, and consent protocols enables researchers to access deliberative process data at scale while preserving participant privacy and data integrity?

What restorative practices are most effective in deliberative settings?

When should we route divergent info to help participants understand the full range of perspectives, and when should we route convergent info to help find consensus?

How can we reassure and provide participants with safe and productive spaces for deliberation in polarized or post-conflict settings?

How does scaling out affect who participates in the deliberative process?

What scheduling and modality architectures (rotating synchronous windows, follow-the-sun relays, asynchronous deliberation with structured synthesis) minimize systematic regional disadvantage, and how should fairness be quantified?

What is the relationship between different selection variables and public trust, deliberative quality, epistemic quality, and output quality?

When is selective transparency legitimate? What should always be public vs what legitimately needs confidentiality?

What standardized methods can we easily teach participants in self-led groups on how best to capture the relevant information?

What role can sentiment analysis and emotion recognition play in real-time conflict monitoring?

How can the impacts of interventions on complex systems be simulated quickly and accurately?

Urgent

For what uses in what contexts and with what level of faithfulness is it helpful or appropriate to use simulations? What are the philosophical moral political etc. implications?

Urgent

For what uses, in what contexts and with what level of faithfulness is it helpful or appropriate to use simulations, and what are the philosophical, moral, and political implications?

What simulation fidelity level (agent realism, dialogue authenticity, decision distributions) accurately predicts outcomes for specific deliberative formats under real-world constraints, and where does increased fidelity stop improving predictive value?

How can lessons from speculative execution and speculative decoding help increase the availability of deliberative processes through reduced costs?

How can lessons from speculative execution and speculative decoding help increase the availability of deliberative processes through reduced costs?

Urgent

What is the Pareto frontier of speed, accuracy and easy-to-use interactability?

Urgent

Under what internal communication and training approaches do staff across departments internalize deliberative norms such that they proactively design processes or flag integration opportunities?

What aggregation approaches are best suited to different stages of a process?

What different translation tools and techniques are particularly suited for the different stages of a deliberative process?

How can we systematically stress-test assembly designs before implementation?

Under what conditions is a subsidiary/decentralized approach necessary or superior to a single scaled-out process, and how do organizers diagnose whether fragmentation serves deliberative quality or merely distributes work?

How can we support people to critically self-reflect on their preferences?

Urgent

What techniques can help citizens effectively surface, reflect on, and convey their perspective to others?

Urgent

What are the key technical blockers (agent behavior calibration, emergent group dynamics modeling, preference faithfulness) to effective and trustworthy multi-agent simulation, and which are tractable with current methods?

What design choices help promote the transparency of deliberative technologies, and what tradeoffs does this raise?

Could there be templated approaches to socialising and developing internal commitments?

What are the most effective methods of testing the compatibility of outputs with legal/constitutional/jurisdictional or other fundamental constraints on recommendation uptake?

How can we quantify and test the manipulation resistance of different assembly design choices?

Urgent

How can we use third party verification of AI systems used in deliberation, using deliberation?

Urgent

What feedback mechanisms/traceability measures can help participants understand how their contributions influenced outcomes in the process?

How can we help citizens trace a process' impact on policy-making?

How do we best track and identify important voices that are currently missing?

How can we track the perspectives offered and ensure that they all receive appropriate engagement?

Urgent

Which transcription and annotation approaches (comparing human verbatim, human semantic, hybrid human-AI, or AI-only) best handle cross-talk, non-verbal communication, and emotional valence while maintaining accuracy standards?

How can we translate mathematical bias guarantees from algorithmic settings to real-world human facilitation?

Urgent

How to translate existing social choice research into practical methodologies with decision aides for matching process to context such as identifying trade-offs between theoretical guarantees, speed, explainability, and legitimacy in the eyes of participants public and stakeholders?

How can translation best be provided for those in very remote and hard-to-access geographies?

What structural alignment mechanisms enable deliberative outputs from multiple jurisdictions to coherently influence transnational policy bodies while respecting subsidiarity and local democratic autonomy?

Under what conditions do transnationally-integrated deliberative processes strengthen the legitimacy of transnational institutions versus creating legitimacy backlash by appearing to bypass national democratic processes?

What level of process transparency and decision documentation (such as public design rationales, real-time process logs, or participant feedback dashboards) enables oversight committees to verify that commitments were met?

How should we best treat low probability but high impact edge cases?

Urgent

In which contexts does trust increase with reweighting (e.g. to account for affectedness, power imbalances, history, etc.)?

What are the most compelling features of processes for building trust?

What group-building and trust-formation mechanisms sustain high-quality deliberation as synchronous group size increases beyond typical face-to-face thresholds?

What methods can support participants to understand better the perspectives of others (e.g., automated language simplification, visual summary)?

Urgent

What unified data models and schema (using RDF, JSON-LD, or domain-specific approaches) enable structured and unstructured inputs to be harmonized across different deliberative tool ecosystems, without losing fidelity to participants' original contributions?

How can practitioners balance (through adaptive protocols or meta-evaluation frameworks) universal standards for cross-context learning against context-specific adaptations required by local stakeholder concerns and governance structures?

How to unobtrusively measure individual and group understanding?

Urgent

How can we design unobtrusive monitoring systems that don't themselves bias the deliberative process?

Urgent

How to create a visual and engaging public archive of deliberations?

What visualization and presentation methods can best communicate distilled content for engagement by participants/organizers?

How can virtual and augmented reality technologies help participants experience the perspectives of animals or future generations?

How much weight, if any, should be given to discussions or engagements with a wider public outside the central deliberation?

What normative frameworks and transparent decision rules enable organizers to justify the weight given to different subsidiary processes in shaping central outcomes, and how can these be communicated to participants to maintain perceived fairness?

AI Assurance Infra (Bias, Accuracy, etc.)

Urgent AI/ML
Impact Scale
Infrastructure for providing guarantees around bias and accuracy, control over training data usage, comprehensive logging/evaluation, and offline operation capabilities for any integrated AI system.

AI In-Person Facilitator

AI/ML
Impact Scale
AI agent that provides real-time group facilitation for in-person deliberative processes, managing participation equity, topic focus, conflict resolution, and shared understanding across multiple simultaneous breakout groups.

AI Manipulation Detection System

Urgent AI/ML
Impact Scale
Real-time AI-enhanced monitoring and detection system that identifies manipulation attempts, whether AI-generated or human-orchestrated, across all stages of deliberative processes: from recruitment and selection gaming to astroturfing in discussions, coordinated voting patterns, and output tampering. 

AI Online Facilitator

Urgent AI/ML
Impact Scale
AI agent that provides real-time group facilitation for deliberative processes, managing participation equity, topic focus, conflict resolution, and shared understanding across multiple simultaneous breakout groups.

Automated Recruitment Tool

Urgent AI/ML
Impact Scale
AI-powered recruitment system that automates demographic targeting, campaign creation, multi-channel outreach, and participant selection using real-time census data and advanced selection methodologies.

Babelfish

AI/ML
Impact Scale
Real-time translation infrastructure for multi-language deliberative processes that captures all audio and written inputs (microphone, documents, handwritten notes) and provides instantaneous translation to each participant’s selected language through on-screen display or in-ear devices.

Context Mapper

Urgent AI/ML
Impact Scale
Tool automatically generates comprehensive context analysis, process planning inputs, and accessible participant briefing materials with visual aids by processing uploaded information (PDFs, transcripts, emails, recordings) and conducting interviews with stakeholders.

Decision Impact Forecasting and Modeling

Urgent AI/ML
Impact Scale
Interface where participants input policy proposals and receive impact models, showing effects on both targeted and related outcomes with confidence intervals, assumptions, and interactive exploration capabilities.

End-to-end Assembly Software

Impact Scale
Participant-facing interface for democratic processes and organizer-facing management system (combining CRM, materials distribution, and participation tracking).

Multimodal Tailored Learning Support

Urgent
Impact Scale
Tool that helps participants understand context and information for deliberative processes through multiple formats (text, audio, video, VR, games), adapting to individual learning styles and measuring understanding non-intrusively.

Opinion Mapper

Urgent AI/ML
Impact Scale
Tool that connects to recording devices and data sources to instantly analyze participant contributions, creating real-time visualizations of views, consensus areas, and divisions on any topic throughout deliberative processes.

Personal Deliberation Partner

Impact Scale
Personalized chatbot available to each participant before, during, and after deliberative processes, designed to guide them through the process, ask probing questions, provide relevant information, and help participants explore their own thoughts and understand diverse perspectives.

Process Design Simulation Sandbox

Urgent AI/ML
Impact Scale
Simulation environment that tests deliberative process designs by running multiple simulated processes, and predicting outcome distributions to show how design choices impact results.

Research Observatory

Impact Scale
Research hub that coordinates deliberation data, standardized evaluations, and researcher-practitioner collaboration, providing secure access to historical process data, optimizing limited participant research time, and developing comparative evaluation frameworks for the field.

Smart Templates (AI-supported real-time format support)

AI/ML
Impact Scale
System for helping ensure that the outputs of a task are in the right form, e.g., by evaluating content’s fit to a specified template and instruction, and giving feedback as comments, suggested edits, or through chat.

Sortition Proof Layer

Impact Scale
A cryptographically verifiable layer that wraps around existing sortition systems, to generate publicly auditable proofs that participant selection was both random and representative, without revealing participant identities. Works as middleware between participant databases and any selection algorithm.