What process design features enable participants at scale to perceive their input as meaningful and consequential, compared to large-group formats without such features?

This paper provides an expanded definition of scale for democratic deliberation by breaking down the concept across five dimensions: scaling out (increasing deliberator numbers), scaling up (higher governance levels), scaling across (increasing number of processes), scaling deep (increasing impac...

704 randomly selected citizens partook in a Citizens’ Summit held on November 2011 around social security, immigration and distribution of wealth in times of financial crisis. More than 6000 participants took part in an earlier phase to select those 3 topics.